The phylogenetic tree depicted in the question if built using maximum parsimony, contains five evolutionary transitions . These are marked by the alphabets A, B, C, D and E.
- phylogenetic tree is a visual representation of the relationship between species, taxa, individual, population, etc.
- Node is a hypothetical ancestor, usually denotes a speciation or separation event
- Branch represents the evolution of a lineage
- Tip is the species, individual, or other entity that we are studying
- Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) is the technical term for the tip in the tree
- Clade is a species, meaning an ancestor, and all of its descendants
- Monophyletic is a taxonomic group consisting of all descendants of the group's most recent common ancestor and nothing else
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