The acid neutralizing capacity of a lake or stream most often derives from the presence of CaCO3 (limestone) in the surrounding soil or rock. These soils are made from chalk and limestone rocks and range in calcium carbonate content from 5% to 50%. Soil and subsurface depths can range from 8 cm to over a metre.
Deeper soils are typically more fertile than shallow ones. The principal source of the substance lime is limestone, a typical kind of carbonate sedimentary rock. It is mostly made up of the calcium carbonate minerals calcite and aragonite, which come in various crystal shapes (CaCO3).
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