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Some wars in American history have been very controversial. One such war was the Vietnam War of the 1960s and 1970s. Emotions ran high on both sides. Many Americans, mostly younger people and college students, believed the United States had wrongly entered a war that was claiming too many lives. They took to the streets with signs, songs, and slogans to protest against the Vietnam War. But other Americans, mostly older people with conservative beliefs, supported the war in Vietnam. They organized rallies and marches to show their patriotism. At times, the conflict between supporters and opponents of the Vietnam War resembled a war itself. Sometimes people were killed or injured during riots on city streets and on college campuses. The “Hard Hat Riot” occurred in New York City in May 1970. One thousand students began a protest march through Lower Manhattan. Four hundred construction workers showed up. Most of them wore hard hats, and some carried clubs. The construction workers began shouting slogans then attacked the protesters.

Think about what you have learned in this lesson. Explain how the War of 1812 included examples of national unity as well as examples of division.

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964 against the escalating role of the United States in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social movement over the ensuing several years. This movement informed and helped shape the vigorous and polarizing debate, primarily in the United States, during the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s on how to end the war.

Many in the peace movement within the United States were children, mothers, or anti-establishment hippies. Opposition grew with participation by the African-American civil rights, second-wave feminist movements, Chicano Movements, and sectors of organized labor. Additional involvement came from many other groups, including educators, clergy, academics, journalists, lawyers, physicians—such as Benjamin Spock—and military veterans.

Their actions consisted mainly of peaceful, nonviolent events; few events were deliberately provocative and violent. In some cases, police used violent tactics against peaceful demonstrators. By 1967, according to Gallup polls, an increasing majority of Americans considered military involvement in Vietnam to be a mistake, echoed decades later by the then-head of American war planning, former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.[1]