Answer:
The answer is option B) During the election phase on union certification efforts: Management has the upper hand because unions are not permitted to communicate with workers within seven days of the election.
Explanation:
During the election phase on union certification, management is very keen on influencing the process to their benefit because they know that once a union is certified for a group of employees, the union becomes their exclusive bargaining agent.
Since management views the union as a rival organization in the company that could challenge them is need arises, they put structures pre election structures such as: unions are not permitted to communicate with workers within seven days of the election.