Many workers migrated to the industrial towns from the nation's farmlands, but even more emigrated from other European and Asian countries. The sizes of the factories or mills, as well as the types of work performed by laborers, varied in industrial work.
What were the different sources of labor?
- Ordinary workers found increased opportunities for employment in new mills and factories as a result of industrialization, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labor dominated by a pace set by machines. Work evolved from a craft production model to a factory-centric model.
- Factory hours were set in the textile industry, and the machinery within them shaped the pace of work. Factories consolidated workers into a single structure, increasing the division of labor, narrowing the number and scope of tasks, and incorporating children and women into a common production process. In the enclosed conditions of cotton mills, maltreatment, industrial accidents, and ill health from overwork and contagious diseases were common. Children were especially vulnerable.
- Mining has always been particularly hazardous, and methods of coal extraction at the turn of the nineteenth century exposed men, women, and children to extremely hazardous conditions. In 1841, the mines employed approximately 216,000 people. Women and children labored underground for 11 to 12 hours per day. After an accident at Huskar Colliery in Silkstone in 1838, the public became aware of the conditions in the country's collieries. The disaster was brought to Queen Victoria's attention, who ordered an investigation.
- Over time, men would discover that industrial employment and wages provided a higher level of material security than agricultural employment. As a result, women would be left behind in less lucrative agriculture. By the late 1860s, women were turning to industrial work on assembly lines, providing industrial laundry services, and working in textile mills due to low wages in agriculture. Women were never paid the same as men for doing the same job.
Learn more about 19th-century labor, here-
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