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How many unpaired electrons are contained in each element: (a) calcium, (b) argon, (c) aluminum, and (d) carbon?

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Unpaired electrons are those electrons which exist singly in orbital, without making pair with other electron

CALCIUM:

Atomic Number 20

Electronic Configuration;  1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p⁶, 4s²

Number of Unpaired e⁻s; Zero

ARGON:

Atomic Number 18

Electronic Configuration;  1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p⁶

Number of Unpaired e⁻s; Zero

ALUMINIUM:

Atomic Number 13

Electronic Configuration;  1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s², 3p¹                (Ground State)
Electronic Configuration;  1s², 2s², 2p⁶, 3s¹, 3px¹, 3py¹     (Excited State)

Number of Unpaired e⁻s; 1 in Ground state and 3 in Excited State.

CARBON:

Atomic Number 6

Electronic Configuration;  1s², 2s², 2px¹, 2py¹               (Ground State)
Electronic Configuration;  1s², 2s¹, 2px¹, 2py¹, 2pz¹      (Excited State)

Number of Unpaired e⁻s; 2 in Ground state and 4 in Excited State

The unpaired electrons in element calcium, argon, aluminum, and Carbon  are 0, 0, 1 and 2.

Electronic configuration of Calcium:

[tex]\rm \bold{ Ca_2_0 -1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6, 4s^2}[/tex]

Argon:

[tex]\rm \bold{ Ar_1_8 -1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^6}[/tex]

Aluminium:

[tex]\rm \bold{ Al_1_3 -1s^2, 2s^2, 2p^6, 3s^2, 3p^1}[/tex]

Carbon

[tex]\rm \bold{ C_6 -1s^2, 2s^2, 2px^1 2py^1}[/tex]

Since, an unpaired electron is an electron resides alone and do not pair with others.

Hence, we can conclude that the unpaired electrons in element calcium, argon, aluminum, and Carbon  are 0, 0, 1 and 2.

To know more about Electronic configuration, refer to the link:

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