Answer: A) The resident populations are more likely affected by these threats because of their proximity to shore.
Explanation:
All of these threats are higher in coastal regions.
As contaminants usually reach the ocean through rivers or because of coastal cities, the highest degree of pollution is there. All chemicals will accumulate in this region first, before they disperse into the offshore region. This is also caused by the fact that the coastal waters have a lower volume and surface area than the offshore which results in a higher degree of contamination.
Vessels are very similar to contaminants, as the number of vessels is highest in coastal waters, where ports are also placed. Vessels spread over large areas in offshore waters will gather in coastal waters as they enter the port. Recreational vessels not suited for open ocean are also numerous here.
Prey availability also is lower in coastal regions due to human activities such as pollution and fishing (which decreases the prey population), as well as vessels (which may scare the prey away or deteriorate their habitat).
