Respuesta :
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A. Chemical reaction:
- A chemical reaction is a process where one or more substances undergo a chemical change, resulting in the formation of new substances with different properties.
- During a chemical reaction, bonds between atoms are broken and new bonds are formed, rearranging the atoms to create different molecules or compounds.
- Chemical reactions are governed by the principle of conservation of mass, meaning that the total mass of reactants is always equal to the total mass of products.
B. Chemical bond:
- A chemical bond is a force of attraction that holds atoms together in a chemical compound.
- It forms when atoms interact and share, donate, or receive electrons to achieve a more stable configuration.
- Chemical bonds can be classified into three main types: ionic, covalent, and metallic, depending on how electrons are shared or transferred between atoms.
C. Valence electrons:
- Valence electrons are the outermost electrons in an atom that participate in chemical bonding.
- They determine an atom's chemical properties, including its reactivity and its ability to form chemical bonds.
- The number of valence electrons in an atom is equal to the group number of the element in the periodic table, except for transition metals.
D. Octet rule:
- The octet rule states that atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons in order to achieve a stable electron configuration with eight valence electrons (except for hydrogen and helium, which aim for two).
- Elements either gain or lose electrons to form ions, or they share electrons to complete their outermost energy level.
- By following the octet rule, atoms become more stable and acquire the electron configuration of a noble gas.
E. Electrovalent (ionic) bonding:
- Electrovalent bonding, also known as ionic bonding, occurs between atoms with a significant difference in electronegativity.
- In this type of bond, one or more electrons are transferred from a metal atom (with a low electronegativity) to a nonmetal atom (with a high electronegativity).
- The transfer of electrons creates positively charged metal ions (cations) and negatively charged nonmetal ions (anions) that are held together by electrostatic forces.
2. General characteristic properties of ionic or electrovalent compounds:
i. High melting and boiling points: Ionic compounds have strong electrostatic forces between the charged ions, requiring considerable energy to break these bonds.
ii. Solubility in water: Many ionic compounds dissolve easily in water due to the attraction between the ions and the water molecules.
iii. Conductivity: In the molten state or when dissolved in water, ionic compounds can conduct electricity because of the presence of mobile charged ions.
iv. Brittle and hard: Ionic compounds are typically brittle because when a force is applied, the layers of ions shift, causing like charges to come in contact and repel.
v. Crystal structure: Ionic compounds often form regular, repeating three-dimensional crystal lattices due to the strong attractions and repulsions between ions.
3. Chlorine whose atomic number is 17 reacts with X to form a compound:
- I. The bond formed between X and chlorine is likely an ionic bond.
- II. In the formation of an ionic bond between X and chlorine, X is expected to donate one electron to chlorine.
- III. The formula of the compound formed between X and chlorine is typically written as XCl, where X represents the symbol of the element.
