volcanic ash discovered by romans about 300 bc that, when mixed with water, would harden to an unusually strong material, even when fully submerged under water?

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Volcanic ash discovered by Romans about 300 BC that, when mixed with water, would harden to an unusually strong material, even when fully submerged under water is called Pozzolanic ash.

Pozzolanic ash is a naturally occurring siliceous or siliceous-aluminous substance that reacts with calcium hydroxide at room temperature in the presence of water. High silica and alumina content volcanic ash was discovered near Pozzuoli, Italy. When combined with lime, water, sand, and rock, the resultant compound hardened to an incredibly durable substance that could withstand being completely submerged in water.

Any volcanic material (pumice or volcanic ash) that is used as a pozzolan and is primarily made of fine volcanic glass is included in the contemporary definition of pozzolana. Please take note of the distinction between the terms pozzolan and pozzolana, the former of which may only be used to describe pozzolans of volcanic origin, principally made of volcanic glass, and the latter of which has no relation on the specific origin of the material.

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