Leptin and ghrelin are two hormones that play a role in the long-term maintenance of caloric homeostasis, or the balance of energy intake and expenditure in the body.
Leptin is produced by fat cells and acts on the brain to reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure, while ghrelin is produced by cells in the stomach and acts on the brain to increase appetite and decrease energy expenditure.
Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are also hormones that play a role in the regulation of energy balance, but they are more involved in short-term regulation of food intake rather than long-term maintenance of caloric homeostasis.
Insulin is a hormone that is involved in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism, but it is not directly involved in the long-term maintenance of caloric homeostasis. Instead, it plays a role in the regulation of blood sugar levels by helping to transport glucose from the bloodstream into cells for energy production.
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