In the lungs' millions of alveoli and the capillaries that surround them, gas exchange occurs. As seen in the diagram below, breathed oxygen travels from the alveoli to the capillaries' blood, while carbon dioxide travels from the capillaries' blood to the air in the alveoli.
Oxygen is carried by the air we breathe, which raises the amount of oxygen in the blood that circulates throughout the body. The blood's levels of carbon dioxide rise as it travels back to the lungs, discharging it from there and into the atmosphere. In order to increase the rate of diffusion, breathing in and out (a ventilation mechanism) maintains a sharp concentration gradient between the oxygen (and carbon dioxide) in the alveoli and the blood.
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