Percival Lowell was the one who truly popularized and cemented the notion of canals on Mars in the minds of the general public.
American astronomer Percival Lowell anticipated the presence of a planet outside of Neptune's orbit and started the investigation that led to the discovery of Pluto.
The "canals" were discovered to be an optical illusion by the early 20th century thanks to improved astronomical observations, and current high-resolution mapping of the Martian surface by spacecraft does not reveal any such structures.
Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli's findings from the 19th century helped to popularize the theory that Mars had canals. In 1877, Schiaparelli claimed to have observed a network of parallel lines on the surface of Mars, which he named "canali."
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