All forms of cellular respiration begin with glycolysis, which can occur anaerobically and without oxygen.
O2 is not necessary for glycolysis. Every cell, including anaerobic ones that are destroyed by oxygen, engages in this anaerobic kind of respiration.
Between the intermembrane gap and the inner mitochondrial membrane, the Krebs cycle produces a proton gradient. This proton gradient supplies the energy required to propel the proton through the ATP synthase.
In both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, nearly all organisms undergo glycolysis, an old and important route that produces ATP. This procedure, also known as fermentation, occurs in the cytoplasm without the need for oxygen.
Antibiotics are expelled by bacteria via the proton motive force.
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