In 2016, the last time the Supreme Court ruled on affirmative action, the justices narrowly upheld the University of Texas at Austin's admissions policy on a 4-3 vote, with retiring conservative Justice Anthony Kennedy casting the decisive vote.
-The Supreme Court ruled that some policies for affirmative action are against the Fourteenth Amendment. Affirmative action policies must withstand scrutiny, according to the Court's decision.
Bakke (1978):Race can be taken into consideration by universities. The Supreme Court took into account a quota system that was in place at the University of California when it decided Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, which established affirmative action programs' constitutionality.
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