The bluffs in the Loess Bluffs region were formed as the river deposited them over years of floods.
The dust that makes up loess hills is the result of glaciers advancing through the center of North America and grinding the rocks into extremely fine "glacier flour." Mud flats were created in the Missouri River Valley as a result of the glaciers melting and releasing massive amounts of water and debris.
These mud flats became visible as the waters subsided, and as they dried, the fine-grained flour was carried away by westerly winds. Huge dust clouds were transported across large areas. Large dune fields were created by the coarser particles, which were later stabilized by grass. The steep bluffs that may be seen now were eroded from the stable dunes.
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