In the eighteenth century, fertility rates were much lower among enslaved women than white women because Pregnant slaves still had to perform manual labor.
In contrast to the physical labor performed by machines and working animals, manual labor or manual work is physical labor performed by individuals. In the strictest sense, it refers to work done with the hands, though it can also refer to work done with any of the body's muscles or bones.
Manual labor and its near relative, animal labor, have been the main means of doing physical tasks for the majority of human prehistory and history.
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