1)

Read the excerpt from The Republic by Plato.


True, I replied, I had forgotten; of course they must have a relish—salt, and olives, and cheese, and they will boil roots and herbs such as country people prepare; for a dessert we shall give them figs, and peas, and beans; and they will roast myrtle-berries and acorns at the fire, drinking in moderation. And with such a diet they may be expected to live in peace and health to a good old age, and bequeath a similar life to their children after them.


How does the speaker use inductive reasoning to support the claim that a moderate lifestyle will lead to health and happiness?


He moves from a specific observation about people’s needs to a general conclusion about future generations.

He moves from a general premise about cooking to a specific conclusion about achieving peace in the future.

He moves from a specific pattern in food preparation to a generalization about planning for a celebration.

He moves from a trend in people’s eating habits to a generalization about the role of children.

2)

Read the excerpt from The Republic by Plato.


And our State must once more enlarge; and this time the enlargement will be nothing short of a whole army, which will have to go out and fight with the invaders for all that we have, as well as for the things and persons whom we were describing above.


Which rhetorical appeal is used in this excerpt?


ethos; the speaker appeals to credibility by suggesting he has the skills to protect society

kairos; the speaker appeals to time by showing the urgent need for a strong army presence

pathos; the speaker appeals to emotions by inspiring the audience to fear invaders

logos; the speaker uses logic and reasoning to convince others of why a large army is necessary

3)

Read the excerpt from The Republic by Plato.


Let us then consider, first of all, what will be their way of life, now that we have thus established them. Will they not produce corn, and wine, and clothes, and shoes, and build houses for themselves?


How does the speaker’s use of a rhetorical question affect his argument?


The question shows that the people do not enjoy their simple lives.

The question shows that the people selfishly hoard resources.

The question shows that the people consider the most basic things to be luxuries.

The question shows that the people in a good society will have everything they need.

4)

Read the excerpt from Greta Thunberg’s speech at the United Nations Climate Action Summit. The claim in this excerpt is that current efforts to reduce CO2 emissions are ineffective.


So a 50% risk is simply not acceptable to us—we who have to live with the consequences.


To have a 67% chance of staying below a 1.5 degrees global temperature rise—the best odds given by the [Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]—the world had 420 gigatons of CO2 left to emit back on January 1, 2018. Today that figure is already down to less than 350 gigatons.


How does this excerpt make persuasive the speaker’s claim persuasive?


It creates logos by using data and evidence on climate change.

It creates kairos by including a specific date by which changes must be made in order to be effective.

It creates pathos by inciting an emotional response to the low levels of CO2 left to emit.

It creates ethos by revealing the speaker’s research on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

5)

Read the excerpt from Greta Thunberg’s speech at the United Nations Climate Action Summit.


Fifty percent may be acceptable to you. But those numbers do not include tipping points, most feedback loops, additional warming hidden by toxic air pollution or the aspects of equity and climate justice. They also rely on my generation sucking hundreds of billions of tons of your CO2 out of the air with technologies that barely exist.

Which type of reasoning does the speaker use to make the argument?

inductive, because she moves from specific details to a broad conclusion
abductive, because she starts with a generalization and moves toward a specific conclusion
deductive, because she uses a pattern to justify a generalization
inductive, because she begins with a specific example and uses it to draw a narrow conclusion