In a given rock sample, the amount of silicon-32 isotope gets divided in half about every 170 years. The half-life can be used to determine the amount of silicon-32 that has decayed from the time the closure temperature was reached.
There are 23 known isotopes of silicon (14Si), with masses ranging from 22 to 44. The stable isotopes of silica include 28Si (which has a 92.23% abundance), 29Si (4.67%), and 30Si (3.1%). The radioisotope 32Si, which is created when cosmic rays collide with argon, has the longest half-life. With a decay energy of 0.21 MeV, it has been estimated to have a half-life of roughly 150 years. It decays through beta emission first to 32P, which has a 14.28-day half-life, and then to 32S. At 157.3 minutes, 31Si has the second-longest half-life after 32Si. Half-lives for the others are all under 7 seconds.
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