Vanitas paintings must include symbols of death.
Vanitas paintings were created to serve as a constant reminder to spectators of the fleeting nature of existence, the pointlessness of pleasure, and the inevitability of death. They also offered a moral defense for embellishing desirable items.
Common vanitas symbols include skulls, which serve as a reminder of death's certainty; rotten fruit, which represents decay; bubbles, which represent both life's brevity and death's suddenness; smoke, timepieces, and hourglasses, which represent life's fleeting nature; and musical instruments (brevity and the ephemeral nature of life).
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