One of the reasons lora gateway devices can be powered by batteries with a lifespan of between 5 and 10 years is the low duty cycle of sensors.
Low duty cycle protocols' main goal is to minimize the amount of time a node spends idle or listening to unimportant activities by putting it to sleep. Low duty cycle protocols work best when a node sleeps the majority of the time and only wakes up to send or receive packets. Deterministic deployment and random deployment are the two methods used for sensor deployment. It is well known that opportunistic routing performs noticeably better than unicast routing in wireless networks with lossy connectivity. Wireless sensor networks, however, often have a duty cycle,
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