Low-nutrient conditions selected a specific bacteria that kill other bacteria. Competition must be low enough that the disadvantage of having the killer trait isn't great enough to cause extinction.
Bacteria can adapt to new environments, this adaptation is under tight genetic control, involving the expression of multiple genes. Bacteria react to a sudden change in their environment by expressing or repressing the expression of a whole lost of genes.
Bacterial growth and survival is dependent upon the ability of an organism to sense its environmental conditions and respond to external stimuli. Stimulus can come from a variety of sources including the nutrients available for growth, the presence of secondary metabolites etc
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