Nitrogen released from the breakdown of proteins is used in the synthesis of urea, which is excreted by the kidneys in the urine.
- The urea acid cycle transforms the nitrogen waste released during this process into urea, which is then excreted in the urine.
- Amino acids can be converted into energy during famine and go via the Krebs cycle.
- Muscle protein is broken down into amino acids while fasting, some of which are partially oxidized to provide energy.
- These amino acids are split up into alanine and glutamine, which are released into the circulation together with other amino acids.
- Several tissues, notably the stomach and kidney, oxidize glutamine, converting some of its carbons and nitrogen to alanine.
- The liver is where alanine and other amino acids are processed into glucose and ketone bodies and nitrogen.
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