The difference between causation and correlation is that, Causation is characterized by cause-and-effect while correlation establishes a probable relationship.
While Causation is characterized by a situation in which an action certainly causes an outcome and hence, is described as a cause-and-effect relationship, Correlation on the other hand only establishes a relationship between the two events and doesn't necessarily ascertain the occurrence of the other event .
An example of two variables which may be correlated is; the height and weight of an individual in which case it is generally perceived that taller people are heavier.
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