1. The scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton include discoveries about gravity and planetary movements.
2. The ideas promulgated by Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton helped changed the European worldview as they birthed the Enlightenment.
Copernicus showed that planets moved around the sun. He mathematically described the solar orbital relationships.
Galileo with his telescope contradicted Greek and Roman scientists about planetary movements. He particularly determined the laws of gravity and explored the laws of motion on earth.
Kepler came up with the idea that planets revolve in an elliptical orbit.
Finally, building on the works of the above three, Newton proved the law of universal gravity, linking this with Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Thus, with their scientific ideas and laws, the Age of Enlightenment fronted reason, individualism, skepticism, and scientific discoveries that propelled the French Revolution.
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