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Description of the body's cell functions
Question 1:
Brain Cell:
The brain is made up of billions of nerves that are specially designed to communicate with each other. Nerve cells are elongated with many tentacle-like projections which allow them to make contact with the cell around them. These projects form many connections with one another creating an intricate network between cells. The connections between nerve cells occur at junctions called sign apses. These networks are a bit like the complex electrical circuits inside a computer. Messages traveled down cells as tiny electrical impulses at a synapse chemicals called neurotransmitters allow the electrical impulses to pass from one cell to another. This is the basis for how the brain works. Nerve cells are like any other cells in the body; they need oxygen and nutrients to stay alive. They also rely on close contact with other cells. If a nerve cell is starved of oxygen or or nutrients or becomes isolated from its neighbors, it will die. When a nerve cell dies, it cannot usually be replaced. If something damages or destroys the nerve cells, they can no longer do their job. This is what happens in dementia. Depending on the part of the brain that is affected, dementia can interfere with our ability to remember things, reason, understand language or move.
Blood Cell:
The primary job of the red blood cell is to transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Waste, such as carbon dioxide, is also transported by red blood cells back to our lungs, where it is expelled. Hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells, allows them to transport oxygen.
Muscle Cell:
A muscle's gross anatomy consists of a big belly and two tendons. The origin, which fixes the muscle in place, and the insertion, which generates the actual movement. Muscles are normally moved by a contraction, which causes the muscular belly to shorten. Muscles function in opposition to one another. The agonist is the muscle that contracts, whereas the antagonist is the muscle that relaxes. Fascicules are bundles of muscular fibers that make up the muscle belly. Because of specialized components called sarcomeres, it is the muscle fibers, which are made up of myofibrils, that really contract. From z-line to z-line, a sarcomere runs. And it's made up of two filaments: a thick one called myosin and a thin one called actin. When energy is released in the form of ATP, myosin, a thick filament, spins very quickly and pulls on two proteins on the thin actin filament. Tropomyosin and troponin are the names of these two proteins. The z-lines are brought closer together and the sarcomere contracts when this happens. The sliding filament theory is a better name for this. When a sarcomere contracts, all of the sarcomeres contract as well, as does the myofibril.
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Question 2:
The differences and similarities between two people's DNA
- People have 3 billion base pairs - this means we're about 99.99% similar (in a genetic way) to our best friend.
- The difference between our DNA now is 0.1%.
Even though a value 0.1 percent difference may not seem like much, it signifies millions of distinct places in the genome where variation might occur, resulting in a staggering amount of having potential DNA sequences.
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Question 3:
Amount of cells: Cell Division
1st Division: Two Identical Cells
A cell separates into two identical daughter cells during mitosis, which repeats all of its components, including its chromosomes.
2nd Division: Four daughter cells
Meiosis II reduces the quantity of hereditary information contained for each cell's chromosomes by half. The end result is haploid cells, which seem to be four daughter cells.
3rd Division: 8 cells
4th Division: 16 cells
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis are the three main phases of the cell cycle. The cell expands and organelles like mitochondria and ribosomes double during the interphase stage of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is divided into three phases: interphase (G1, S, and G2), mitotic phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), and G0 phase.
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4) Amount of cells present after 10 divisions
One parent cell is split into two daughter cells during mitotic cell division. In this method, two cells are created from a single parent cell in the first division, and four daughter cells are formed in the second division. Eight cells are made from four parent cells in the third division, and sixteen cells are formed from eight cells in the fourth stage.
Knowing this:
16 + 16 = 32 cells for the 5th division
32 + 32 = 64 for the 6th division
64 + 64 = 128 for the 7th division
128 + 128 = 512 for the 8th division
512 + 512 = 1024 for the 9th division
1024 + 1024 = 2048 cells for the 10th division
