Given what we know about the behavior of gases like helium, we can confirm that the small tank of helium was able to fill so many balloons because the helium expanded to fill its new container, which is the balloon.
Helium is a chemical element known as a noble gas. Like all other elements in a gaseous state, the atoms that comprise helium are spaced apart. This allows the gas to be compressed, a property that manufacturers of the gas take advantage of since they can compress a large amount of gas into a small container.
This is precisely what is happening in the question. The small tank of helium, despite being small in size, contains a large amount of compressed helium gas. Therefore, once it is released from the container, the gas expands to fill its new container, which in this case is the balloons, because of this, a relatively small tank of helium was able to fill many large balloons.
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