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The types of errors we could find that a deviation towards one side of the measurement therefore the error for the three situations presented is:s systematic
Errors or uncertainty in a measurement is an inherent part of the measurement process and is the difference between the measured quantity and the actual quantity.
Errors can be calcified in two types: systematic and random
- Systematic errors occur when some factor skews the results to one side; These errors are due to problems with the instruments or with the measurement method. This type of error can be reduced to eliminated with a careful examination of the instrument used, for example by using a calibration standard.
- Random errors occur due to disturbances during the measurement process that cannot be foreseen by the operator. We can apply statistical processes to this type of error to reduce its influence on the results, for example by replicating several measurements of the same event and averaging the results.
Let's apply these concepts to each case
a) systematic error. Since the lower part of the meniscus exceeds the measurement line and it is not allowed to reach this level before transferring the liquid, to reduce this error you must allow the meniscus to reach the reference line looking at eye level.
b) Systematic error. The balance adds a mass in each measurement that goes to the same side, therefore the error is systematic, to correct this error the balance must be repaired
c) Systematic. The readings are deviated towards the values lower than the real ones, this error can be reduced by correcting the average technique that is incorrect, the reading must be done at eye level
In conclusion we use the types of errors we could find that for the three situations presented the error is systematic
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