1. The U.S. Constitution, as it was first debated by special state ratifying conventions,
a) was debated and developed in open forums
b) included a Bill of Rights
c) attempted to balance equally the power of the states and the national government.
d) established the supremacy of national government power over the states

2. According to Madison,
a) the passions of men can best be reduced by ensuring that all have enough property to have a stake in the peaceful resolution of disputes.
b) factions can best be controlled by insisting that all people hold the same opinion.
c) the unequal distribution of property that fuels factions is the results of corrupt political institutions that must be reformed.
d) factions result from individual liberty to express one's opinions, and we must not undermine liberty in order to cure factions.