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Further explanation:
Proteins are large molecules that are composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order. The order is determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding for the protein. Proteins are necessary for the structure, function, and regulation of the body's cells, tissues, and organs.
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. Amino acids are small organic molecules that consist of an alpha carbon atom linked to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a variable component called a side chain. In protein, amino acids are bonded to each other by peptide bonds. Therefore a long chain is formed. Peptide bonds are synthesized by a biochemical reaction that removes a water molecule and joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of neighboring amino acids.
The four structures of the protein are primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
1. Primary Structure: The sequence of amino acids within a protein is considered the primary structure of the protein.
2. Secondary Structure: Primary structure of a protein and its amino acid sequence determines the folding and intramolecular bonding of the linear amino acid chain, which ultimately determines the protein’s three-dimensional shape. Due to hydrogen bonding between amino groups and carboxyl groups in neighboring regions of the protein chain, folding of protein structure takes place.The folded structures are known as alpha helices and beta sheets. These stable folding structures make up the secondary structure of a protein.
3. Tertiary structure: The folds in a single linear chain of amino acids are sometimes called as polypeptide .These polypeptides constitute the tertiary structure of a protein.
4. Quaternary structure: The multiple polypeptide chains or subunits constitute the quaternary structure of proteins.
The protein folds into these three-dimensional shapes and structure. Bonding within protein molecules stabilizes their structure, and the final folded forms of proteins are useful for their functions. Also, the specific shape of the protein determines its function.
The change in the three-dimensional structure of the protein causes the change in the structure of the amino acids. The protein becomes denatured and does not perform its function. Therefore, protein function is directly related to the structure of that protein.
Hence, the shape of the protein molecule directly determines its function.
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Answer details
Grade: Senior School
Subject: Chemistry.
Chapter: Biomolecules
Keywords: Protein, function, primary, secondary, quaternary, tertiary, amino acids, DNA and peptide bonds.
