Answer:
1. Structural adaptations:
- leaves coated in a waxy cuticle
- a fewer number of stomata on the cell surface
2. Physiological adaptations:
- stomatal closure
- osmotic adjustment
Explanation:
In plants, leaves may be covered by a waxy layer to avoid the loss of water vapor (transpiration) through the epidermis. Stomata are small pores localized in the epidermis of leaves and upper organs that control gas exchange, including water vapor. Plants can retain water by having fewer stomata in their leaves, or well by closing stomata during the hot day time and in hydric stress conditions. Finally, osmotic adjustment is an adaptive mechanism caused by the active accumulation of solute in the vacuoles of plant cells (including leaf cells), which is also used by plants to avoid the harmful effects of hydric stress.
The adaptations that enable plants to reduce water loss from their leaves include:
It should be noted that the waxy leaf cuticle is impermeable to water and this stops evaporation. The reduced number of stomata also reduces the transportation rate.
Another adaptation is the leaves that are reduced to spines. This reduces the surface area for transpiration.
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