The answers are:
A. Ptolemy
B. it always casts a curved shadow during a lunar eclipse
C. Copernicus
Ptolemy believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. He refined the model of Plato. He proposed that the planet has a small orbit called an epicycle and it moves along the a larger orbit that goes around the Earth.
Aristotle was convinced that the Earth was round because a lunar eclipse is caused by the shadow of the Earth. The shadow is always circular.
Copernicus was the first to propose the heliocentric model. He described the movements of the planets using astronomical theories which proposed the sun was at the center and not the Earth.
