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The ratio of students who have a dog to students who do not have a dog is 3 : 7 and this can be determined by using the arithmetic operations.

Given :

Twelve of the 28 students in a class have a dog.

Arithmetic operations can be used to determine the ratio of students who have a dog to students who do not have a dog.

The following steps can be used to determine the ratio of students who have a dog to students who do not have a dog:

Step 1 : Divide 12 by 28 that is, students who have a dog by students who do not have a dog.

[tex]=\dfrac{12}{28}[/tex]

Step 2 - Further simplify the above expression.

[tex]=\dfrac{3}{7}[/tex]

Therefore, the ratio of students who have a dog to students who do not have a dog is 3 : 7.

For more information, refer to the link given below:

https://brainly.com/question/1009324