Respuesta :
Answer: 1. In much of Europe, absolute monarchy was established over the course of the 17th and
18th centuries.
A. Absolute monarchies limited the nobility’s participation in governance but preserved
the aristocracy’s social position and legal privileges.
B. Louis XIV and his finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, extended the
administrative, financial, military, and religious control of the central state over the
French population.
C. In the 18th century, a number of states in eastern and central Europe experimented
with enlightened absolutism.
D. The inability of the Polish monarchy to consolidate its authority over the nobility led
to Poland’s partition by Prussia, Russia, and Austria, and its disappearance from the
map of Europe.
E. Peter the Great “westernized” the Russian state and society, transforming political,
religious, and cultural institutions; Catherine the Great continued this process.
2. Challenges to absolutism resulted in alternative political systems.
A. The outcome of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution protected the
rights of gentry and aristocracy from absolutism through assertions of the rights of
Parliament.
B. The Dutch Republic, established by a Protestant revolt against the Habsburg
monarchy, developed an oligarchy of urban gentry and rural landholders to promote
trade and protect traditional rights.
3. After 1648, dynastic and state interests, along with Europe’s expanding colonial
empires, influenced the diplomacy of European states and frequently led to war.
A. As a result of the Holy Roman Empire’s limitation of sovereignty in the Peace of
Westphalia, Prussia rose to power and the Habsburgs, centered in Austria, shifted
their empire eastward.
B. After the Austrian defeat of the Turks in 1683 at the Battle of Vienna, the Ottomans
ceased their westward expansion.
C. Louis XIV’s nearly continuous wars, pursuing both dynastic and state interests,
provoked a coalition of European powers opposing him.
D. Rivalry between Britain and France resulted in world wars fought both in Europe and
in the colonies, with Britain supplanting France as the greatest European power.
4. The French Revolution posed a fundamental challenge to Europe’s existing political and social order.
