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Answer:

Islam in India had constantly faced the challenges posed by the majority Hindu population and as a result developed inner tensions within society. Now it also faced a hostile British presence. The result was a constant renewal and continuous vitality, which produced remarkable leaders in thought and action.

Answer:

The journal Oriente Moderno was established in 1921 by Carlo Alfonso Nallino who was its director until his death in 1939. Some of the most prominent Italian scholars on the Muslim world have succeeded him: Ettore Rossi (who later on gave his books and documents to the Institute) and Paolo Minganti. The Journal has been directed by Prof. Claudio Lo Jacono since 1995. The journal is dedicated to the study of Muslim and Arab world, but with particular and specific attention to modern and contemporary times. For sake of this, the journal has been publishing during his ninety years of history a wide range of contributions: 1) scientific articles regarding political, social, literary, artistic and cultural life in Near and Middle East