Answer:
Copernicus heliocentric theory and Mercator's grid.
Explanation:
Copernicus heliocentric theory
is astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus what it shows is a model positioned the Sun near the center of the Universe, motionless, with Earth and the other planets orbiting around it in circular paths.
Mercator's grid
a cylindrical map projection presented by Flemish geographer and ... The condition that a sailing course of constant azimuth α on the globe is mapped into a constant grid bearing β on the map
