Answer:
The correct answer is - option D. all of the above.
Explanation:
Smoking cigarettes or consumption of tobacco contains chemical that is responsible for the mutating p53 gene specifically which inactivates the action of p53.
TP53 mutation changes the amino acid in the p53 protein which produces the altered or modified version of protein that is incapable of performing its action of repairing damaged DNA during cell cycle for genome stability. DNA damage would be accumulate as it is not able to control the cell division by apoptosis and cell death would not be activated.
Thus, the correct answer is - option D.