Using the Violation of Expectation Paradigm, researchers have demonstrated that long before their first birthday, infants: A. have some notion of contrast, but not patterns. B. have some notion of patterns, but not contrast. C. have some notion of object solidity, but not of object permanence. D. have some notion of object permanence, but not of object solidity. E. have some notion of both object solidity and object permanence

Violation of Expectation is defined as the study of infact cognition. This is based on the infant habituation and dishabitution which helps to increase the stimuli of the baby from deducing that the event she expected didn't occur.

For example, a baby that is aware that her toy car is gotten from a black box would be aware that the blue box that was placed in front of her from which a toy was to be gotten for her is different.

She would be aware that her toy would not be in the blue box since it is not the box she is aware from which her toy is gotten. This shows that she has some notion of the object solidity and object permanence.