The correct sentence out of the four with an explanation is given here:
Explanation:
OC.
The Sun heats the surface of the Earth. When the temperature rises, water turns from a liquid to a gas through a process called "evaporation."
This sentence can be seen as the complete correction of the sentence that was given above. At first, it was wrongly categorized as a single sentence when it clearly needs two to be grammatically correct.
Then the issue with punctuation in the adverb has also persisted in all options except this one thus it is the right choice here.