Different compounding periods, are used for different types of investments. In order to properly compare investments or loans with different compounding periods, we need to put them on a common basis. In order to do this, you need to understand the difference between the nominal interest rate (INOM) and the effective annual rate (EAR). The _________ interest rate is quoted by borrowers and lenders, and it is also called the annual percentage rate (APR). If the compounding periods for different securities is the same, then you _________ use the APR for comparison. If the securities have different compounding periods, then the ________ must be used for comparison.