Wanda, an employee of Presert Inc., has not achieved her sales targets in the past three fiscal quarters. Hence, unlike her peers, she has not received a pay increment; moreover, her superior has withheld her annual bonus. Which of the following reinforcement tools has Wanda's superior used in this scenario?

A. Avoidance learning
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Punishment
D. Extinction

Reinforcement theory is a psychological principle which states that behaviors are shaped by their consequences either negatively or positively. Individual rewards can be changed through rewards and punishment alike.

The reinforcement theory revolves round a basic idea that consequences influence behavior. Consequence that brings rewards promotes a particular behavior and consequences that give punishment discourage the occurrences of a behavior.

There are four types of reinforcement theories, namely;

Positive
Negative
Punishment
Extinction

Extinction refers to discouraging a learned behavior by withholding a reward that has encouraged the behavior.