A nursing student notes the characteristics of middle-range theories.
Which points noted by the nursing student are accurate? Select all that apply.

a. Middle-range theories are systematic and broad in scope and complexity.
b. Middle-range theories provide a basis to help nurses understand how clients cope with uncertainty and the illness response.
c. Middle-range theories do not address a specific phenomenon and do not reflect practices such as administration, clinical, or teaching.
d. Middle-range theories include Mishel's theory of uncertainty in illness, which focuses on a client's experiences with cancer while living with continual uncertainty.
e. Middle-range theories tend to focus on a specific field of nursing (such as uncertainty, incontinence, social support, quality of life, and caring) rather than reflect on a wide variety of nursing care situations.

Middle range theories give idea about understanding how clients deal with the illness response and uncertainty. Theory of uncertainty of Mishel is an example of a middle range theory.

These theories deals with the particular area of nursing like incontinence, social support, caring and other, not over all nursing care situations.

Thus, the correct answer is - option 2, 4, and 5.