Which of the following arguments best supports the idea of nursing as a professional discipline rather than an academic discipline?

a. "Nursing is an applied Science. Its practice component places an emphasis on the delivery of service by nurses rather than the development of academic knowledge."
b. "Nursing is a discipline with unique substance. It borrows very little from other disciplines and, as a result, is beyond the realm of most academic programs in the sciences that acknowledge idea sharing across disciplines."
c. "Nursing is a concept with a lengthy unofficial history. Individuals have been providing nursing care to others since the Crusades, and this professional provision of services predates formal education in the field."
d. "Nursing is a relative newcomer to advanced education. For many years, nurses were educated or trained only at a Bachelor's level, and advanced practice therefore has its roots in the profession itself rather than in academia."