Answer: The correct answer is "b. Economies of scale Risk and cost sharing Partial loss of decision autonomy".
Explanation: "Economies of scale Risk and cost sharing Partial loss of decision autonomy" was identified as a disadvantage of participating in strategic alliances and joint ventures, because in alliances of this nature, risk and costs are shared, which causes a higher level of these and autonomy in decision-making is affected because decisions must be taken together, not by the will of only one of the parties.