In each of the following situations, what type of unemployment is Melanie facing?
(a) After completing a complex programming project, Melanie is laid off. Her prospects for a new job requiring similar skills are good, and she has signed up with a programmer placement service. She has passed up offers for low-paying jobs.
(b) When Melanie and her co-workers refused to accept paycuts, her employer outsourced their programming tasks to workers in another country. This phenomenon is occurring throughout the programming industry.
(c) Due to the current slump, Melanie has been laid off from her programming job. Her employer promises to rehire her when business picks up.

Frictional unemployment Refers to a form of unemployment that is caused by the personal preference of the individual rather than external factors. From the excerpt, we know that Melanie is unemployed because she passed up a lot of offers.

B. Structural

Structural unemployment happen because there is a large scale change within the industry, which force the workers of that industry out of the job market. In the excerpt, the structural change occurs within the way the employers seek their workers. They choose to outsource the jobs to less developed countries to get cheaper labor. This force Melanie out of the job market.

C. Cyclical

Cyclical unemployment happens because of the bad economic situation that is experienced by the country as a whole. This made the demand for products in the market became really low and many businesses are forced to cut down their employees since they can't afford to pay them.