Answer:
c. Shareholder agency costs include the opportunity costs associated with constraining managerialfreedom but do not include managerial salaries.
Explanation:
"Agency costs usually refers to the conflicts between shareholders and their company's managers. A shareholder wants the manager to make decisions which will increase the share value. Managers, instead, would prefer to expand the business and increase their salaries, which may not necesarrily increase share value."
Reference: InvestingAnswers. “Agency Costs.” InvestingAnswers, 2019