Ms. Castello has tried several configurations for students to practice the Spanish conversations they memorize in the book. Students seem to enjoy the task most when they work in pairs around the classroom, and they dread the task when they are required to perform in front of the class. How might Ms. Castello use this information to provide negative reinforcement?

a) Reward students by allowing them to work in pairs if they complete written assignments in a timely manner.
b) Punish students when they fail to participate in the whole class activity by taking away the privilege of working in pairs.
c) Remove the requirement to perform in front of the class if students focus and perform well in pairs.
d) Assure students that they will be allowed to work in pairs after they perform in front of the class.