What individual right did the Justinian code protect for women? The right to choose their religion The right to inherit property The right to divorce their spouse The right to pursue legal action Question 29(Multiple Choice Worth 1 points) (01.07 HC) How did political turmoil contribute to the decline of the Byzantine Empire? Negative influence of foreign advisors at the Byzantine court led to failed policies Violent rebellions by peasants in the distant provinces spread the Byzantine army too thin Feuds between ambitious members of the imperial family distracted the emperor Wealthy families competing for power with the emperor weakened the emperor's ability to rule Question 30(Multiple Choice Worth 1 points) (01.03 LC) How was Islam spread to India? Arabian navies Missionaries and sultans Merchants and conquerors Muhammad’s travels Question 31(Multiple Choice Worth 1 points) (01.03 LC) The image shows a close-up photograph of a structure, called a finial, atop the main dome of the Taj Mahal. The structure includes a lotus bud and a crescent moon with tips pointing heavenward. Use the photograph to answer the following question: A close-up photograph of a decorative structure called a finial atop the main dome of the Taj Mahal. The finial is composed of a lotus bud and a crescent moon with tips pointing heavenward. Public Domain The crescent moon in the finial at the top of the Taj Mahal is evidence of what architectural influence? Roman architecture Greek architecture Islamic architecture Early Christian architecture Question 32(Multiple Choice Worth 1 points) (01.05 LC) Who was Emperor Justinian's most trusted advisor? Theodora Belisarius Augustine Basil II Question 33(Multiple Choice Worth 1 points) (01.05 MC) How was the Roman Empire different after Constantine's recognition of Christianity? Previously intolerant, Rome became known as a place in which all religions were equally tolerated. Inspired by their emperor to convert, the newly Christian Roman soldiers became more loyal to the empire. Roman cultural achievement fell as pagan philosophers, scientists, and artists fled in fear of persecution. Once Constantine accepted Christianity, the Roman Empire became the center of the new faith's growth. Question 34(Multiple Choice Worth 1 points) (1.03 MC) The map below shows the expansion of the empire during the age of the caliphs. Use the map to answer the following question: Map image of the Age of the Caliphs is shown. The map image shows that expansion under the Prophet Mohammad 622 to 632 included the southern portion of the Arabian Peninsula, including Medina and Mecca. The addition during the Patriarchal Caliphate, 632 to 661, is also shown. This addition includes all of the Arabian Peninsula, including Jerusalem, and northern Africa. The addition during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661 to 750, includes all of northern Africa, some of Europe, and parts of western Asia. Public Domain Caliph Abu Bakr, one of the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, led the region in 634 CE. For which of the following statements does this map provide evidence? Abu Bakr's empire controlled trade in the area between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, and Anatolia. Abu Bakr's empire represented the height of Islamic expansion in the seventh century CE. Abu Bakr's empire controlled the three most sacred sites in Islam. Abu Bakr's empire experienced many setbacks that slowed down Islamic expansion for a century. Question 35(Multiple Choice Worth 1 points) (1.03 MC) The map below shows the history of the Crusades. Use the map to answer the following question: Map showing the routes taken by crusaders from 1095 through 1204. The map shows that crusaders traveled by land through the Holy Roman and Byzantine Empires, and areas of France and Italy. They traveled by sea around Spain to reach the Mediterranean Sea. © 2012 The Exploration Company The religious makeup of Europe often dictated the routes the Crusaders took when traveling to the Holy Land. Which of the following represents an example of this influence? The Orthodox Byzantine Empire was hostile to western Crusaders. Spanish Christians were more focused on relics than the Holy Land. French rulers were still struggling with pagan sects. Most of Spain was controlled by an Islamic empire. Question 36(Multiple Choice Worth 1 points) (01.07 MC) The diagram below shows two causes of the decline of the Byzantine Empire. Use the diagram to answer the following question: Cause-effect chart showing three Cause boxes with arrows leading to one Effect box. The first cause box is labeled Which cause correctly completes the chart? Refusal of Europeans to trade with the empire Attacks by Christian Crusaders from Europe Lead poisoning from cookware, plates, and utensils Removal of the pope back to Rome You must check the box below prior to submitting your exam! Check this box to indicate you are ready to submit your exam Explorer Toolbox Workload My Folders Current course: FDK411.03

The Justinian code was very beneficial for the women in Byzantium, and the main reason why lots of laws about the women were implemented was the influence of Justinian's wife. Summarized, the multiple laws of the Justinian code were protective toward the women and they equalized them with the men in many ways. With the protection of the law, the women were able to pursue legal actions if someone was mistreating them or abusing them.

2. Wealthy families competing for power with the emperor weakened the emperor's ability to rule

During the last stages of its existence Byzantium was in a terrible situation. Instead of being united politically and economically as it always was, and which was the prime reason why it survived for so long, it was the total opposite. Multiple wealthy individuals were trying to become more powerful in certain areas of the empire, thus diverging from the central authority, the emperor. This started gradually to cause big problems, weakened the country, and distracted it from the dangers lurking out of its borders. This was used by the foreign forces, so little by little they were conquering parts of the empire until at the end Constantinople was conquered and Byzantium seized to exist.

3. Missionaries and sultans

Merchants and conquerors

The Islam started to spread in India very early after its rise, but the process was very small and on local level. The initial spread of Islam in India was conducted by merchants and missionaries that were constantly coming on the western coast of India. Some of them settled and created small communities, managing to influence few other people to convert. The bigger influence was done by the conquerors and sultans that managed to conquer pretty much all of the northern half of the sub-continent, and while they ruled they converted lot of people, big portion of which forcefully.

4. Islamic architecture

Greek architecture

The crescent moon is symbol that has been widely used in the Islam and the Islamic architecture for more than five centuries now. This symbol though has been used by other civilizations much earlier than the existence of any Islamic state, such as the ancient Greeks and by Byzantine which used it as a symbol for the goddess Diana. The Greek architecture has spread around large region so lots of other civilizations have incorporated elements of it in their architecture. The Taj Mahal is a nice example of this, where the crescent moon on the top of the finial can be seen as influence of both the Islamic and the ancient Greek architectures.

5. Theodora

Justinian was an emperor that didn’t trusted lot of people, and his wife was also his best friend and his primary advisor. Theodora was a woman with very strong personality and she was an excellent diplomat, so no wonder Justinian used the qualities of his wife in order to be a better ruler. Theodora’s influence can be easily seen in the famous Justinian code, where she advised and persuaded her husband to make the women more equal to men, to give them the rights that the men have, and to stop the discrimination and abuse over them. She can be seen as a proper role model for a feminist.

6. Once Constantine accepted Christianity, the Roman Empire became the center of the new faith’s growth

The Roma Empire had two very contracting relations with the Christianity. First, the Roman Empire was the biggest enemy of the new faith, with the Christians being persecuted and killed. But then Emperor Constantine decided to convert and become a Christian. Once he converted he made the Christianity the official religion of the empire, so now the pagans were persecuted and killed. The Roman Empire from being the biggest enemy became the bastion of the new faith from where it grew further and spread around Europe.

7. Abu Bakr’s empire controlled the three most sacred cities in Islam

Abu Bakr was a caliph that had his reign after the death of the prophet Muhammad. He managed to expand the empire over all of the Arabian Peninsula as well as Levant and Israel. By having this territory in the empire, Abu Bakr actually managed to have control over all of the three sacred cities in the Islam. These three cities are Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula, and Jerusalem in Israel. This gave the empire much greater political power, especially with the incorporation of Jerusalem in it, but it also was a reason for major conflicts with the Christians from Europe in the years to come.