Which of the following describes a major difference between the first and
second waves of European imperialism?
O
A. Only the first wave saw European countries dominating foreign
countries economies.
O
B. Only the second wave was motivated by a need for natural
resources for industrialization.
O
C. Only the first wave was undertaken by large empires instead of
small individual kingdoms.
O
D. Only the second wave saw indigenous peoples in Africa
successfully fight off European aggression.

Imperialism is a relationship between countries -generally in the form of an empire- that is based on ideas of superiority and applying domination practices, which imply the extension of authority and control of one State or people over another. It can also be a political doctrine that justifies the domination of one people or State over others; usually through different types of colonization (settlement, economic exploitation, strategic military presence) or cultural subordination (acculturation). The American sociologist Lewis Samuel Feuer identified two main subtypes of imperialism: the first is the "regressive imperialism" identified with pure conquest, unequivocal exploitation, extermination or reductions of unwanted peoples, and the settlement of the desired peoples in those territories. The second type identified by Feuer is "progressive imperialism" that is based on a cosmopolitan vision of humanity, which promotes the expansion of civilization to supposedly backward societies to raise standards of living and culture in the conquered territories, and assignment of the conquered people to assimilate to the imperial society. Although the terms "imperialism" and "colonialism" are closely related, they are not synonymous.