Based on context clues in paragraph 4 of Passage 2, we can conclude that pedagogy means teaching.
Moreover, pragmatism became a popular way of educating and governing during the Progressive Era. Many scholars and academics emphasized the importance of applied knowledge. Notable Pragmatist, John Dewey, crafted significant pragmatic pedagogy and asserted that schools should be foundations for social change.
In the above excerpt, I've boldened words that are either synonymous or have some sort of correlation to the word "teaching" and specifically, "pedagogy."
When you take the time to look at the text surrounding a certain word, corresponding expressions and statements will aid you in defining lesser well-known words, such as, pedagogy.