Answer:
Among the options given below , the answer is C.
Punishment encourages criminals
Explanation: Criminology is the study of reason behind the crime, punishment and the psychology of the criminal. There is a lot of thoughts about criminology. But in 17th century , a new period began which was known as the classical theory of criminology. The classical theory of criminology talks about crime and the appropriate punishment for this.
In this theory Hedonism is a key point. Hedonism is a idea which express that people want to minimize pain and maximize the pleasure. Like when a criminal commits a crime he thinks about the pleasure.
It is also said in the theory that punishment should be certain. Because people want to minimize pain. So when criminals will think of punishment or pain they will be afraid of committing the crime.
But it is not said in the theory that punishment encourages the criminals.
So this option runs counter to the classical theory of criminology.
